BIOL 100B - Biological World Laboratory (1 credit) R. deLanglade
Must be taken concurrently with Biology 100 to satisfy the institutional requirement of laboratory experience. Students complete 7-9 laboratory modules as assigned by their Biology instructor on such subjects as: cells, tissues, cell division, plant and animal development, genetics, ecology and heart health.

BIOL 104 - Topics: Introduction to Zoology (4 credits) Staff
This course will focus on animals to emphasize important biological topics including evolution, ecology, reproduction, development, systematics, anatomy, and physiology. Each of the major animal phyla will be introduced to the students during lectures and demonstrations.
Open to all students.

BIOL 104 - Topics: Ecotoxicology (4 credits) M. Collier
This course will examine the impacts of pollution and other anthropogenic stresses on the structure and function of natural ecosystems. Topics such as risk assessment, environmental law, fate and transport of pollutants, environmental chemistry, and remediation of contaminated systems will be covered over the course of the semester.

BIOL 110 - Biological Survey (4 credits) J. Yoder
Lecture, discussion, and demonstration dealing with such topics as the origin of life, sexual reproduction, diversity, adaptation, heredity, environment, and infectious diseases as they relate to humans.
Open to all students.

BIOL 110 - Survey of Biology (4 credits) D. Mason
Lecture, discussion, and demonstration dealing with such topics as the origin of life, sexual reproduction, diversity, adaptation, heredity, environment, and infectious diseases as they relate to humans.
Open to all students.

BIOL 141 - Introduction to Marine Biology (4 credits) K. Reinsel
The course focuses on the biology of marine systems. It begins with basic physical characteristics of the world's oceans, the scientific method, hypothesis testing and the basic processes of life. It then covers diversity of life in marine systems, followed by a survey of marine habitats and some discussion of human impacts on marine systems. Students carry out a semester-long project on a marine organism, which culminates in both oral and written reports.

BIOL 200 - Concepts in Biology (4 credits) R. deLanglade/C.Pederson
A survey of biological concepts common to most areas of the biological sciences. Topics including scientific method, biological chemistry, cell structure and function, reproduction and development, genetics, evolution, and ecology will be covered in a non-laboratory setting. Offered each semester.
Prerequisite to all other major courses.

BIOL 203 - Biology of Marine Invertebrates (5 credits) K. Reinsel/J.Welch
Over 90% of the world's animals are invertebrates, and virtually all invertebrate groups have marine representatives. This course will focus on the major invertebrate taxa, examining their distinguishing characteristics in addition to their physiology, ecology, and natural history. In lab, we will observe living specimens of many invertebrates, examine and describe the internal and external anatomy of some of them, and experiment with a few. Live specimens will be used whenever possible--we will collect many of these during an optional field trip associated with this course (Biology 218: Field Studies - Marine Invertebrates).

BIOL 204 - Non-Vascular Plants (5 credits) D. Mason
Course Goal: Provide students with an opportunity to systematically study various nonvascular plants, including: algae, bacteria, viruses, fungi and bacteria.

Course Topic: Students study the structure, reproduction, ecology and evolution of algae, bacteria, viruses, fungi and bacteria.

Assessment Methods: Students are evaluated by a means of lecture and laboratory examinations in addition to credit assigned their field collections.

Instructional Methods: This is carried out by means of lecture-discussions, including slide presentations of organisms and laboratory and field experiences.

Text: Bold, etc. Morphology of Plants and Fungi. and Mason, Laboratory Manual of Nonvascular Plants.

BIOL 206 - Local Flora (5 credits) R. deLanglade
Systems of classification, and rules of nomenclature, with emphasis placed on the identification of native and cultivated taxa of the northeastern United States.

BIOL 209 - Developmental Biology (5 credits) M. Hanson
The course is a detailed examination of the molecular and cellular events that control the process of embryonic development in diverse species such as sea urchins, chickens, mice, and human beings. Special emphasis is placed upon understanding the experimental methodologies used by developmental biologists to elucidate the mysteries of embryogenesis. The laboratory portion of the course provides hands-on opportunities to observe the fundamental concepts discussed in lecture. Taught every year.

BIOL 218 - Extended Field Studies - Marine Invertebrates (1 credit) K. Reinsel/J. Welch
A 5-day field trip (Wed.-Sun.) to the Duke Marine Laboratory in Beaufort, N.C. Students will participate in field trips to marine habitats to observe and collect invertebrates for study and experimentation at Wittenberg.

BIOL 218 - Extended Field Studies - Cave Ecology (1 credit) H. Hobbs
A three-day field trip is offered as an optional field experience (highly recommended).

BIOL 218 - Extended Field Studies - Ecology (1 credit) T. Lewis
Four-day trip to northern lower Michigan in conjunction with the Ecology class.

BIOL 218 - Extended Field Studies - Limnology (1 credit) H. Hobbs
A five-day field trip is offered as an optional field experience.

BIOL 221 - Cave Ecology (4 credits) H. Hobbs
This course is a basic introduction to cave ecology and will follow a lecture-seminar-discussion format with no formal laboratory. Several field trips to caves will be scheduled and mini-projects relating to cave ecology will be carried out on these trips. Much of the term will be spent examining speleogenesis, the structure and function of cave ecosystems, as well as the evolutionary biology of obligate cave inhabitants. The grade is based on class participation, mini-projects, one lecture exam, a short paper, and a final exam.

BIOL 222 - Entomology (5 credits) C. Trisler
An introduction to entomology including morphology, taxonomy and behavior. Emphasis on collection and preservation of specimens representing a prescribed number of Orders. Identification of terrestrial insects to the taxonomic level of Family using dichotomous keys as well as field characteristics. Some collection of aquatic orders as well. The course is constructed to equal two lectures and one lab per week. Much of the instruction is done in the field with local field trips, and the possibility of one overnight trip. Students are required to purchase collection and preservation supplies and make their own insect collection to use as type specimens.

BIOL 230 - Survey of Human Disease (4 credits) D. Mason
This course considers the major diseases that affect the human organism. It includes what causes the disease, clinical signs and symptoms, treatment, and prevention. A general overview of disease is considered first, including infections, autoimmune, genetic diseases, and cancer, to be followed by specific disease problems relating to each organ system.

BIOL 302 - Cell (5 credits) J. Yoder
The cell forms the basic unit of living organisms. This courses focuses on the structure of the cell and the molecular processes involved in directing and maintaining normal cellular function. Biosynthesis of macromolecules and organelles within the cell and intra-cellular signaling process are discussed. In the last two weeks of the semester, these concepts are applied to specific cell types such as neurons, muscle cells, and cells of the immune system.

BIOL 306 - Ecology (5 credits) T. Lewis
Ecology as a body of scientific knowledge includes many subjects, both within and beyond biology. This course will focus on four levels of ecological inquiry: ecology of the individual organism, ecology of populations, ecology of communities, and ecology of ecosystems. We will draw heavily on ethology, physiology, genetics, and evolution to understand the interactions of organisms and groups of organisms.

The goal of this course is to examine the basic subject material of ecology, providing a foundation on which a student can pursue terrestrial ecology or limnology at Wittenberg, in a job, or advanced courses in graduate school. Another goal of this course is to introduce the student to the ecological literature and to ecological field techniques and analytical methods.

BIOL 308 - Vertebrate Zoology (5 credits) Staff
This course will examine comparatively the structural and functional anatomy of vertebrates using an evolutionary approach. Lectures will focus on major morphological systems, phylogenetic relationships, natural history and biogeography, and development of the vertebrate groups. Labs will follow the progression of lecture topics to compare each anatomical system in a diversity of vertebrates. Field trips to the zoo and aquarium will introduce students to the great diversity of vertebrate life and provide a basis for writing papers that integrate morphology, function, and ecology.

BIOL 310 - Molecular Biology (5 credits) M. Goodman
Molecular Biology will provide an introduction to the molecular biochemistry of cell function, focusing on the genetic aspects. Topics to be discussed include structure of DNA and RNA, transcription, translation and regulation of gene expression, and DNA replication and repair. This is a writing intensive course, requiring one major paper and in-class essays on lecture exams. The laboratory portion of the course will focus on techniques used in the molecular biology laboratory, including electrophoresis (both agarose and polyacrylamide), blotting techniques, cloning and PCR.

BIOL 313 - Limnology (5 credits) H. Hobbs
This writing intensive course offers a study of inland aquatic ecosystems with emphasis on lakes and streams. Physical, chemical, and biological features are studied and numerous field experiences supplement lectures. Literature reviews and an exhaustive bibliographic research paper concerning an appropriate limnological topic are part of the requirements of this lecture/laboratory course.
Chemistry 121 and 162 required.

BIOL 335 - Human Anatomy and Physiology (5 credits) C. Pederson
Students will learn about the major systems of the human body in both lecture and laboratory. Topics will be discussed relative to the major systems including the cardiovascular, renal, respiratory, reproductive, digestive, immune, musculoskeletal, and nervous system. Disease states will also be discussed. Laboratories will focus on both anatomy and physiology of each system as they are discussed in the lecture portion of the course. Laboratories will include dissection. Assessment will include 3 written examinations, lab practical examinations, a research paper, an oral presentation, and a final examination. This course is restricted to juniors and seniors.
Every other year.

BIOL 490 - Independent Study (Variable 1-4 credits) Staff>

BIOL 492W - Directed Research (Variable 1-5 credits) Staff

This Research is writing intensive for major students.

This Research consists of investigation of various biological topics by laboratory or field observations, experimentation, and data collection. The final results are presented as a paper in proper journal format and/or oral presentation. May be taken more than once, however, only 5 credits will count toward the Biology major. See Dr. Lewis, Chair, for details if needed.

BIOL 493W - Internship (Variable 1-5 credits) Staff
The Internship is writing intensive for junior or senior students.
Only 5 credits will count toward the Biology major.

The Internship consists of various work, laboratory of field experiences, which can be developed, with the aid of a Department faculty member, for academic experience. Evaluation materials variable with credit or no credit grade given.

BIOL 495 - Capstone (4 credits) J. Welch/ M. Collier
The capstone culminates the student's education in biology. Central concepts in biology will be discussed, with a focus on the primary literature and the process of scientific discovery. These concepts range from the molecular level through organismal biology to populations and ecosystems. The inter-relatedness of different disciplines within biology will be emphasized. In this course students develop skills in presenting scientific material in both oral and written form.
This writing-intensive course is required of all biology majors and is intended to be taken during the senior year.