• General Guidelines
• Choosing a Format
• Parts of a Resumé
• Resumé Samples
  • #1: Chronological
  • #2: Chronological
  • #3: Functional
  • #4: Hybrid
  • #5: Creative
  • #6: Scannable
• Top 20 Recruiter Pet Peeves About Resumés

General Guidelines

Visual Impact

Since resumés are generally skimmed, it is important that at a glance they appear well organized and easy to read. The following guidelines will help you create a visually attractive resumé.

• Allow sufficient margins, at least 1 inch on all four sides.
• Use font variation to highlight information, including bold face, italics, underlining, all caps, and different sized fonts. Be consistent in the use of these display techniques. (Exception: use graphics sparingly with scannable resumés.)
• Make use of white space. Your data, in black print, gains impact from contrast with the white paper.
• Balance material on the page so that the total effect is pleasing to the eye. If possible, focus your "selling points" around the optical center of the page, about 1/3 of the way from the top.
• Choose the layout that works best for you. The two basic options are: centering the resumé text or aligning the text with the 1eft margin.
• Select resumé paper that won't detract from your text. Solid gray or ivory works well as does white paper. Avoid papers with flecking, swirls, etc. as they don't photocopy as well.

Language

Proper Tense
Use present tense when describing your current functions. (Example: Produce and edit videos. Prepare scripts and storyboards.)

Use past tense when describing previous functions. (Example: Produced and edited videos, wrote scripts and storyboards.)

Active Words
There is a subtle but important difference between active and passive use of words. Good use of active words makes a resumé "come alive." Consider the following examples.

Passive: Responsible for the development of marketing strategies.
Active: Develop marketing strategies.

Parallel Construction
Whenever you state a series of events or accomplishments, you must use the same grammatical construction for each element of the series. Consider the following examples.

Nonparallel Construction: Developed new inventory system expediting orders and cut costs by $500 per month.

Parallel Construction: Developed new inventory system that expedited orders and cut costs by $500 per month.

Other Language Tips

• Avoid use of articles (a, an) or pronouns, especially the pronoun "I."
• Be brief and to the point.
• When displaying dates, write out the month and year (November, 2002) rather than the numerical notation (11/02).
• Limit the use of abbreviations to degrees, street names, states, and commonly understood descriptors (e.g., G.P.A., Inc.)

Know the language of the field in which you are applying. Speak their language, but don't use slang or jargon.

Chronological
Presents education, experience, and achievements in reverse chronological order under each category (see samples #1 and #2). This format works best for applicants who have recent work and/or educational experience that are directly related to their job objective.

Strengths

• Highlights progression in degrees obtained and job titles held
• Employers are comfortable with this style because it is used often

Weaknesses

• Draws attention to frequent job changes
• Focuses on positions held and degrees obtained rather than skills
• May appear redundant if you've held many similar jobs

Functional
Organizes skills and accomplishments into functional groupings that support a job objective (see sample #3). This format works best for applicants who have acquired skills through self-learning or non-paid positions, as well as those who are looking for a job not directly related to their major or past employment. The typical number of skill headings is three, with four generally being the maximum. Click here for examples of Skill Headings for this type of resumé.

Strengths

• Highlights accomplishments and areas of potential rather than job titles
• Camouflages frequent job changes or periods of unemployment

Weaknesses

• Harder to link accomplishments and duties performed with specific employers
• Can result in a longer resume

Hybrid
Combines elements of the Chronological and Functional formats (see sample #4).

Creative
There is no set format for a creative resumé. Applicants can demonstrate their creativity by adding artistic elements to a chronological or functional format (see sample #5), or by disregarding these formats and developing a unique way to present resumé text. This type of resumé is a good choice when applying for jobs in which written or visual creativity are strong requirements.

Scannable
Many employers have started using computerized scanning systems to review resumés. In order to ensure that their resumés will be readable after they are scanned, applicants can follow the guidelines provided below. Scannable resumés can follow either a chronological or functional format, and often include a keyword summary at the top of the resumé (see sample #6). The key word summary is recommended because it allows the applicant to maximize their number of keyword "hits." A keyword hit occurs when a word in a resumé matches a word on the employer's list of search terms (i.e., required characteristics for the candidate pool).

Keys to writing a scannable resume:

• Use sans serif fonts (e.g., Arial), or as a second choice, non-decorative serif fonts (e.g., Times)
• The best font sizes are 12 to 14 points
• Avoid italics, underlining, and shading: use boldface sparingly
• Use a laser printer and always print on white paper
• Send originals (without staples and without folds)

Identification
This first section of your resumé should tell who you are and help prospective employees reach you quickly.

• If you have a name that is hard to pronounce, it is advisable to spell it phonetically in parentheses right after your last name.
• Include both your current address and a permanent address if you plan on moving within six months.
• If you are employed during business hours, you should list either a work phone number (if you can take calls at work) or a cell phone number. List area codes for all numbers.
• Don't list e-mail addresses that sound unprofessional (e.g., partygirl@yahoo.com).

Objective
This section summarizes the type of work you want to do, and the career field in which you are interested. Because most college graduates have limited work experience in their career field, it is usually better to specify a target field or industry rather than a specific job title. For example, seeking an entry-level position with an accounting firm is better than seeking a position as an auditor.

• It is better to use short phrases rather than lengthy, wordy statements.
• Avoid objectives that are too specific (this may limit your options) or too broad (this will be viewed as a negative factor by the employer).

Education
For most graduates, the most important qualification they have to offer employers is their education. Therefore this section should be listed on your resumé directly below your objective statement. As working experience is accumulated, the experience section should become a more prominent part of your resumé, going before your education section.

• List the names and dates of degrees conferred in reverse chronological order along with the names of the degree granting institutions.
• It is advisable to specify major and minor fields of study, and to list courses of particular relevance to your job objective.
• Special achievements or honors can be included in this section or in a separate section titled, "Honors and Awards."
• If you have a strong G.P.A., list it. If not, you can list your class ranking (ranked in the top 30 percent of my class), your major G.P.A., or spotlight grades in relevant courses(maintained a 3.0 average in English courses). What is a strong G.P.A.? For most majors, anything above a 3.0 should be listed on the resumé.

Experience
How you describe your experience will vary depending on whether you use a chronological or functional format. When using a chronological format, list your position title, the name of the organization you worked for, and the dates you worked in the heading for each experience. Follow the heading with a description of the work performed (see sample #1). When using a functional format, group your experience descriptions under like categories (see sample #3).

Experience descriptions may include your paid employment as well as any significant academic, community service, or internship activities that are job-related. One of the biggest mistakes novice resumé writers make is limiting descriptions to listings of duties performed in their various jobs and volunteer roles. Remember, effective resumés convey achievement orientation and emphasize factors that relate to qualifications sought by the employer (e.g., compassion, attention to detail, etc.). The following guidelines and "formulas" apply for both chronological and functional formats.

• Highlight what you have done in a concise way that emphasizes your potential.
• The more that a past experience is related to the work you are seeking, the more space you should allot to its description.
• When possible, note any key lessons learned from your experiences.

ACTION - OBJECT

ACTION = a verb
OBJECT = the "what" that the action was applied to

Example: Designed and produced over 20 promotional brochures annually

ACTION = Designed and produced
OBJECT = 20 promotional brochures annually

ACTION - OBJECT - OUTCOME

ACTION = a past tense verb
OBJECT = the "what" that the action was applied to
OUTCOME = the achievement resulting from the action

Example: Developed filing system that resulted in 40% reduction of patient billing errors ACTION = Developed
OBJECT = filing system
OUTCOME = resulted in 40% reduction of patient billing errors

Having trouble thinking of the right verb to use? Click here for a list of common resumé verbs.